Mahameghavahana Kharavela was a great king of Kalinga who ruled from 1st century BCE to early 4th century CE. He was a patron of Jainism and is known for his Hathigumpha inscription, which records his achievements in detail.

Kharavela was a great conqueror and expanded the kingdom of Kalinga to its greatest extent. He defeated the Satavahanas, the Cholas, and the Magadhas, and his kingdom stretched from the Bay of Bengal to the Vindhya mountains. He also built a large navy and conquered several islands in the Indian Ocean.

Kharavela was also a great builder and constructed many temples, palaces, and forts. He is also credited with the construction of the famous Udayagiri and Khandagiri caves in Bhubaneswar, Odisha. These caves are home to some of the finest examples of Jain art and architecture.

Kharavela was a great administrator and took many steps to improve the lives of his subjects. He built hospitals, schools, and roads, and he also established a system of irrigation. He was also a great patron of the arts and sciences, and his court was home to many poets, scholars, and artists.

Kharavela was a great king who left a lasting legacy on India. He was a great conqueror, builder, administrator, and patron of the arts and sciences. He is remembered as one of the greatest kings of ancient India.

Here are some of the achievements of Kharavela:

• He defeated the Satavahanas, the Cholas, and the Magadhas, and expanded the kingdom of Kalinga to its greatest extent.

• He built a large navy and conquered several islands in the Indian Ocean.

• He constructed many temples, palaces, and forts.

• He is credited with the construction of the famous Udayagiri and Khandagiri caves in Bhubaneswar, Odisha.

• He took many steps to improve the lives of his subjects, such as building hospitals, schools, and roads.

• He established a system of irrigation.

• He was a great patron of the arts and sciences, and his court was home to many poets, scholars, and artists.

Kharavela was a great king who left a lasting legacy on India. He was a great conqueror, builder, administrator, and patron of the arts and sciences. He is remembered as one of the greatest kings of ancient India.

Mahameghavahan Kharavela

The Bhauma-Kara dynasty, also known as the Kara dynasty, ruled in eastern India between the 8th and 10th centuries. Their kingdom, called Toshala, included parts of present-day Odisha.

Origin

The origin of the Bhauma-Karas is uncertain. Some scholars believe that they were related to the Bhumij tribe, while others believe that they were related to the Bhauma dynasty of Pragjyotisha (modern Assam). According to some ancient texts, the Bhaumas of Pragjyotisha descended from Naraka, who was a son of the god Vishnu. Similarly, the 15th century writer Sarala Dasa, in his Odia language version of Mahabharata, states that "Vishnukara" was the founder of the Kara family. According to this theory, the Bhauma-Karas originally served as feudatories to the Mlechchha ruler Harsha, who may have captured a part of Odisha.

History

The Bhauma-Kara inscriptions are dated in the years of an unspecified calendar era, simply called samvat (Sanskrit for calendar era). Historian Krishna Chandra Panigrahi believed that this era begins from year 736 CE, and marks the beginning of the Bhauma-Kara rule. However, Dineshchandra Sircar dated the beginning of this era to 831 CE, based on his analysis of the astronomical data in the Dashapalla inscription of the Bhauma-Kara feudatory Shatrubhanja II. Richard G. Salomon calls Sircar's suggestion as most convincing, although he notes that it is not conclusive. The earlier Bhauma-Kara kings appear to have ruled the northern Toshali area, contemporaneously with the Shailodbhavas, who ruled the southern Kongoda region. The dynasty probably ruled most of the coastal Odisha by the time of king Shivakara I (c. 756 or 786). According to the Ganjam inscription of the Shvetaka Ganga king Jayavarmadeva, Shivakara I conquered Kongoda and the northern part of Kalinga. The Talcher inscription of his descendant Shivakara III states that he defeated the king of Rāḍha (in present-day West Bengal), and married the daughter of the defeated king.

The Bhauma-Kara kingdom was called Toshala, a name believed to be derived from Toshali, the ancient capital of Kalinga. Their land grant inscriptions suggest that in its palmy days their kingdom included a major part of Odisha, as well as the Midnapore district of West Bengal.

Wars and Annexations

The Bhauma-Karas were involved in a number of wars and annexations. Shivakara I conquered Kongoda and the northern part of Kalinga. Shivakara III defeated the king of Rāḍha and married his daughter. The Bhauma-Karas also fought against the Palas and the Rashtrakutas.

Important Rulers

The Bhauma-Kara dynasty had a number of important rulers, including:

• Shivakara I (c. 756 or 786)

• Shubhakara I (c. 790)

• Shivakara II (c. 800)

• Shantikara I (c. 810)

• Tribhuvana-Mahadevi I (c. 835)

• Shantikara II (c. 860)

• Shubhakara IV (c. 880)

• Dandi Mahadevi (c. 900)

Decline

The Bhauma-Kara dynasty began to decline in the 10th century. The kingdom was weakened by internal strife and external invasions. The last ruler of the dynasty was Suparna, who was killed by his ministers. The existence of this dynasty is not supported by any tenable evidence.

Legacy

The Bhauma-Karas were an important dynasty in the history of Odisha. They were patrons of Buddhism, and they built a number of temples and monasteries. The Bhauma-Karas also played an important role in the development of Odia art and architecture.

Bhauma Karas

The Somavamshi dynasty, also known as the Keshari dynasty, ruled over parts of present-day Odisha in eastern India between the 9th and the 12th centuries. Their reign is considered a significant period in Odisha's history, marked by political consolidation, cultural advancements, and the rise of temple architecture.

Origin and Early Rulers

The Somavamshis claimed lunar lineage, tracing their ancestry to the legendary Lunar dynasty (Somavamsa) of ancient India. They were possibly related to the Panduvamshis, who ruled the Dakshina Kosala region in central India. The early Somavamshi kings initially held sway over western Odisha, which formed part of Dakshina Kosala. Their capital was located in the upper Mahanadi valley.

The first prominent ruler of the dynasty was Janamejaya I Mahabhavagupta (c. 882-922 CE). He is credited with consolidating the Somavamshi rule in western Odisha and expanding his kingdom. Janamejaya I performed the Ashvamedha (horse sacrifice), a ritual associated with sovereign power, indicating his growing influence.

Expansion and Consolidation

The Somavamshis gradually expanded their dominion, incorporating regions like Kalinga and Utkala into their kingdom. This expansion often involved conflicts with neighboring rulers and dynasties. Yayati I Mahashivagupta (c. 922-955 CE) played a crucial role in this process. He shifted his capital from Suvarnapura to Yayatinagara, which became a prominent city during the Somavamshi era.

The Somavamshis faced challenges from various powers, including the Kalachuris of Dahala and the Eastern Gangas. Despite these challenges, they managed to maintain their dominance and even expand their territories at times. Yayati II Chandihara Mahashivagupta III (c. 1023-1040 CE) is known for consolidating the Somavamshi rule over Utkala and strengthening the kingdom's defenses.

Wars and Annexations

The Somavamshi period witnessed several wars and annexations as the dynasty sought to expand its influence and secure its borders. Some notable conflicts include:

• Wars with the Kalachuris: The Somavamshis clashed with the Kalachuris of Dahala on multiple occasions. These conflicts often involved territorial disputes and attempts to assert dominance in the region.

• Conflicts with the Eastern Gangas: The rise of the Eastern Gangas in the south posed a challenge to the Somavamshis. The two dynasties engaged in protracted struggles for control over territories in present-day Odisha.

• Conquests in Kalinga and Utkala: The Somavamshis' expansion into Kalinga and Utkala involved military campaigns and the subjugation of local rulers. These conquests led to the integration of these regions into the Somavamshi kingdom.

Important Rulers

Some of the important rulers of the Somavamshi dynasty include:

• Janamejaya I Mahabhavagupta: The first prominent ruler, who consolidated Somavamshi rule in western Odisha and performed the Ashvamedha.

• Yayati I Mahashivagupta: Expanded the kingdom and shifted the capital to Yayatinagara.

• Yayati II Chandihara Mahashivagupta III: Consolidated rule over Utkala and strengthened the kingdom.

• Udyotakesari Mahabhavagupta IV: A powerful ruler who further expanded the Somavamshi dominion and patronized temple construction.

Cultural and Religious Developments

The Somavamshi period saw significant cultural and religious developments in Odisha. The construction of magnificent temples, which became a hallmark of Odishan architecture, gained momentum during this era. The Somavamshis were patrons of Shaivism, and many temples dedicated to Lord Shiva were built under their rule. The Lingaraj Temple in Bhubaneswar, one of the most iconic temples of Odisha, is believed to have been started during the Somavamshi period.

The Somavamshis also promoted other religious traditions, including Vaishnavism and Shaktism. The cultural synthesis and religious tolerance fostered during their reign contributed to the development of a unique Odia identity.

Decline and Fall

The Somavamshi rule began to decline in the late 11th century. The rise of the Eastern Gangas and internal conflicts weakened the kingdom. The last ruler of the dynasty, Karnadeva, was unable to withstand the growing power of the Gangas. In the early 12th century, the Eastern Ganga ruler Anantavarman Chodaganga Dev conquered the Somavamshi territories, bringing an end to their reign.

Legacy

Despite their eventual decline, the Somavamshis left a lasting legacy in Odisha. Their rule witnessed the unification of various regions, the flourishing of temple architecture, and the development of a distinct Odia culture. The temples built during their era stand as testaments to their artistic and architectural prowess. The Somavamshis' contribution to Odisha's history and culture remains significant, shaping the region's identity and heritage.

Somavamsis

The Ganga dynasty was a significant ruling power in ancient India, with two distinct branches: the Western Gangas and the Eastern Gangas. We will only focus on the Eastern Ganga dynasty, which flourished in Kalinga (modern-day Odisha and parts of Andhra Pradesh) from the 11th to the 15th centuries.

Origins and Rise to Power

The Eastern Gangas traced their origins to the Western Ganga dynasty, but their independent rule began in the 11th century. The dynasty's founder, Anantavarman Chodaganga, was a dynamic ruler who consolidated the kingdom and expanded its territories significantly. He is credited with laying the foundation for the dynasty's future greatness.

Wars and Annexations

The Eastern Gangas were involved in numerous conflicts with neighboring kingdoms, often with successful outcomes that led to territorial expansion. Some notable wars and annexations include:

• Conquest of Kalinga: Anantavarman Chodaganga's early campaigns focused on consolidating control over the Kalinga region, bringing various local rulers under his dominion.

• Conflicts with the Cholas: The Eastern Gangas faced challenges from the powerful Chola empire to the south. However, they managed to maintain their independence and even expand their influence in the coastal regions.

• Battles against the Muslims: In the later centuries, the Eastern Gangas faced incursions from Muslim rulers in Bengal. They successfully defended their kingdom against these attacks, showcasing their military prowess.

Important Rulers

The Eastern Ganga dynasty produced several notable rulers who contributed to its political, cultural, and architectural legacy. Some of the most important ones include:

• Anantavarman Chodaganga (1078-1147): The founder of the dynasty, he was a skilled military leader and administrator. He expanded the kingdom, established a strong administrative system, and was a patron of art and architecture.

• Narasimhadeva I (1238-1264): A powerful ruler who successfully defended the kingdom against external invasions, he is credited with building the magnificent Sun Temple at Konark, a UNESCO World Heritage site.

• Anangabhima Deva III (1211-1238): Known for his patronage of arts, literature, and temple construction, he played a crucial role in the cultural development of the kingdom.

Cultural and Architectural Contributions

The Eastern Ganga dynasty's reign is considered a golden age in Odisha's history. They were great patrons of art, literature, and architecture. Some of their most significant contributions include:

• Temple Architecture: The Eastern Gangas are renowned for their exquisite temple architecture. The Sun Temple at Konark and the Jagannath Temple at Puri are prime examples of their architectural brilliance. These temples showcase intricate carvings, detailed sculptures, and a sophisticated understanding of engineering.

• Literature and Arts: The dynasty supported the development of Odia literature, with significant works being produced during their rule. They also encouraged various art forms, including dance, music, and sculpture.

Decline and Legacy

The Eastern Ganga dynasty began to decline in the 15th century due to internal conflicts and external pressures. The last ruler, Bhanu Deva IV, faced challenges from neighboring kingdoms, and the dynasty eventually succumbed to the rising power of the Gajapati dynasty.

Despite its decline, the Eastern Ganga dynasty left a lasting legacy. Their contributions to art, architecture, and literature continue to inspire and amaze. The magnificent temples they built stand as testaments to their grandeur and cultural achievements. The Eastern Gangas played a crucial role in shaping the cultural identity of Odisha, leaving behind a rich heritage that is still celebrated today.

The Gangas

The Gajapati dynasty, also known as the Suryavamsa dynasty, was a medieval Hindu dynasty that flourished in the eastern region of the Indian subcontinent, primarily in present-day Odisha. Their reign spanned from the 15th to the 16th century, during which they established a powerful empire that extended from the Ganges in the north to the Kaveri in the south.

Founding and Rise to Power

The Gajapati dynasty was founded by Kapilendra Deva in 1434 CE. He was a military commander in the service of the Eastern Ganga dynasty, which had been ruling over the region for centuries. Taking advantage of the decline of the Eastern Gangas, Kapilendra Deva seized power and established his own dynasty.

Military Expansion and Consolidation

Kapilendra Deva was a brilliant military strategist and an ambitious ruler. He embarked on a series of military campaigns that significantly expanded the kingdom's territory. He conquered vast regions, including parts of present-day Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, and Karnataka. His military prowess earned him the title of "Vishnu Gajapati," symbolizing his mastery over elephants, a traditional symbol of royal power.

Key Rulers of the Gajapati Dynasty

• Kapilendra Deva (1434-1467 CE): The founder of the dynasty, a military genius who expanded the kingdom significantly.

• Purushottama Deva (1467-1497 CE): Continued the expansionist policies of his father and further consolidated the empire.

• Prataparudra Deva (1497-1540 CE): A capable ruler who maintained the empire's stability and patronized art and literature.

Wars and Annexations

The Gajapati dynasty was involved in numerous wars and annexations during its reign. Some of the notable conflicts include:

• Conquest of the Reddi kingdoms: Kapilendra Deva conquered the Reddi kingdoms of Kondavidu and Rajahmundry, extending his control over the coastal regions of Andhra Pradesh.

• Conflict with the Vijayanagara Empire: The Gajapatis clashed with the powerful Vijayanagara Empire in the south, resulting in a prolonged struggle for dominance in the region.

• Conquest of Gauda: Kapilendra Deva led a successful campaign against the Gauda kingdom of Bengal, expanding his influence in the eastern regions.

Administration and Culture

The Gajapati rulers established a well-organized administrative system. The kingdom was divided into provinces, each governed by a high-ranking official. The rulers also patronized art, literature, and culture. The famous Jagannath Temple at Puri received royal patronage, and the Gajapati period witnessed a flourishing of Odia literature.

Decline and Fall

The Gajapati dynasty began to decline in the early 16th century. Internal conflicts, coupled with external pressures from the Vijayanagara Empire and the Golconda Sultanate, weakened the kingdom. The last ruler of the dynasty, Kakharua Deva, was assassinated in 1541 CE, bringing an end to the Gajapati dynasty.

Legacy

Despite its relatively short reign, the Gajapati dynasty left a lasting impact on the history and culture of Odisha. The empire they built played a crucial role in the political and cultural integration of the region. Their patronage of art and literature contributed to the development of Odia culture. The legacy of the Gajapati dynasty continues to be celebrated in Odisha, particularly through the annual Rath Yatra festival at Puri, which has its roots in the Gajapati era.

The Gajapatis